Most publications are devoted to aerial or drone surveying of the quality of agricultural land, the state of irrigation, the health status of vegetation, and the presence of pests. Numerous recent publications have dealt with photogrammetric methods used in agriculture and forestry. PhotogrammetryĪpart from classical measuring methods, the other oldest data collection technology used is certainly photogrammetry. The administrators of small private forest areas will have completely different requirements compared to large owners or state-owned areas.

Crucial for the use of new technologies in practice are their price, data processing requirements, and especially the size of the assessed area. An overview of the existing methods is given below. From the point of view of time saving and the minimization of personnel, non-contact or general remote sensing methods are still in development, and new technologies and instruments are being examined. After all, data processing is not trivial and requires experts. Practical, non-traditional methods of measurement can be accurate, but they are usually very expensive in terms of device price, and importantly, they are time consuming with regard to data processing. Still, in the last few years, new methods have been increasingly experimental, with new innovations for field measurements.

Ĭonventional ground measurement methods are still a priority in practice introducing new optical, digital, and laser devices can increase their accuracy, but also the price of measurement. New devices are rapidly being integrated, and new methods are being explored that could bring about the simplification and streamlining of certain procedures of work. The most important role in forest taxation is the measurement of basic dendrometric quantities. In the last decade, forestry has been trying to adapt to new trends in modern technology. The heights are measured on a smaller set of selected trees only, and ultimately, the total stock is determined by volume tables, volume curves, or the sample methods. According to, the accuracy of the wood volume determination when using a caliper and average tree height for all trees is fully ±5%. These parameters are common and traditional in forestry practice, and they have been used for a long time. The diameter at breast height (DBH), measured using a caliper in two rectangular directions by hand (b)Īpproximate tree height using measuring instruments based on simple measurement devices based on triangulation (c) The basic parameters for the computation of wood cubature are as follows: (a) The selected parameters of forest cover, which are used for calculating or extrapolating wood mass quantities (cubic capacity or volume), can be obtained traditionally via measurements by hand during terrain visits or in a non-contact way (indirectly through other measurements and quantities). All this is performed on the example of a selected part of a spruce forest in the mountains area in the Czech–German border region. The methods analyzed are classical methods, laser scanning with different devices, aerial methods, photogrammetry, the use of drones, SLAM technology (simultaneous localization and mapping), and mobile mapping methods, as well as cheap methods using smartphones and tablets. The article discusses methods for using possible sensors in forest inventory. Quantitative forestry information (cubic capacity of wood) has so far been obtained using ground analyses and calculations using evaluation tables.

These technologies can supply map data, with remote sensing providing further qualitative information on vegetation. In the last decade, other technologies have been used, such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), aerial laser scanning (ALS), and mobile laser scanning (MLS). Forestry and agriculture are traditional users of photogrammetry and remote sensing. The main task of dendrometry is to quantify the volumes of individual trees and stockpiles of whole stands, to measure intermediate quantities, and to develop and use procedures and methods for determining the volumes and stocks of wood. Dendrometry deals with the determination of the quantitative parameters of standing trees and forest stands, the relationship between these parameters, and the development of methods for capturing them.

Multispec camera problem with ortophoto